ÕâÒ²³É¾ÍÁ˺ÎÔ°µÄµÚËIJ¿·Ö¡ª¡ªÆ¬Ê¯É½·¿¡£
ÈËÃdz£Ëµ¡°ÑïÖÝÒÔÃû԰ʤ£¬Î÷ºþÔòÒÔµþʯʤ¡£¡±Æ¬Ê¯É½·¿Ãæ»ýËäС£¬È´ÓÐÁËÃ÷´úÖøÃûÎÄѧ¼ÒÎÄÕ÷Ã÷ÁôϵÄÕâ¿éµþʯµÄΨһÒŴ棬±»ÓþΪÖйúÎÄ·¿Ëı¦Ö®Ò»É½ºÍƬʯÖеġ°Æ¬Ê¯ÖеÄÎÄ·¿Ëı¦Ö®Ò»É½¡±£¬ÊµÎªµþʯÖеÄÕäÆ·Ò²£¡¡£
Ƭʯɽ·¿ÊÇÇå³õÃûÔ°£¬±¾Ãû³ÂêÅ»ÕËù½¨ÍõѧÖÙÖ®Ô°¡£¾Ý¼ÇÔØ£¬ÊÇ¡°ÒÔʯÌκÍÉл¸åºÍÉÐÐм£ÎªÖ÷ÌâΪ԰¡£¡±
Ǭ¡Äê¼ä¹éÈëÎâ¼ÒÁú¼Ò×å¹ÜϽ·¶Î§ÖС£¾ÝǮӾ¡¶ÂÄÔ°´Ô»°¡·ÖÐÓÐÕâÑùÒ»¶ÎµÄ¼ÇÔØ£ºÍíÇ念ÎõÊ®°ËÄê¶þÔÂÊ®¾ÅÈÕ¾©Ê¦´óÏ·ÔºÂä³ÉÖ®ºó£¬´ËÔ°¡°ÎªÒ»Ã½ÆÅËùµÃ£¬ÒÔ¿ªÃæ¹Ý£¬¼æÎªÓéÀÖ¹ÛÖÚµÄÐÝÏÐÉ¢²½Ö®Ëù£¬¸ÄÔì´óÌü·¿£¬ÆäׯÑÏÆøÏóÕ§¿´ËƺõÓÐЩ²»¼°±±¾©µÄǰÃÅÏ·Ô°ºÍµ±Ê±±±¾©µÄǰÃÅϷ԰֮ģÑù¶øÏà·Â·ð£¬Ëײ»¿ÉÄÍ¡±¡£Ö±µ½¹âÐ÷Äê¼äÓÖ±»ºÎÏãÄýµÄµÜµÜºÎÏÍÏÈÉúÈ«²¿ÀßÊÕ¹ºÎªË½ÈËסլ£¬½«Æ¬Ê¯É½·¿¹éÈëºÎÔ°£¬³ÉΪºÎÔ°Àï×îÎªÖØÒªµÄ¾«»ª²¿·Ö¡£
ʯÌÎÔø¶à´Îµ½¾¸½ÎªÆ¬Ê¯É½·¿Éè¼Æµþʯɽ·¿½¨ÖþÇå´úµÄʯÌΣ¨1642Äê£1708Ä꣩£¬ÓÖ³ÆÖìÊϼÒÃí»òÖì¼Òɽ·¿ÖìÈô¼«£¬ÊÇÃ÷´ú¾¸½¸»ÉÌÖìÔªÕÂÖ®ÔøËïÖìÔÞÒǵÄÊ®ÊÀËÖìÈô¼«ÊÇÖìԪ谵ÄÁùÊÀËïÖìÒ»¿üÖ®×ÓÖì¡£Çå˳ÖΰËÄê°ËÔ¶þÊ®ËÄÈÕ£¬Öìºà¼ÎÔÚ¸£ÖݼàÓüÖÐɱº¦ÉÜ×ÚÖìí²¼ü×ÔÁ¢Îª¼à¹ú£¬±»ÉÜ×ÚÖìí²¼ü´¦ËÀ¡£ÖìÈô¼«ÓɹðÁÖÌÓµ½È«ÖÝ£¬ÔÚÈ«ÖÝÓÀÐËÕòÁúÃÅɽɽËÂÏ÷·¢ÎªÉ®£¬¸ÄÃûÎâÊÏÐֵܶþÈËͬ¹éÓÚ¾¡¡£
ʯÌÎÊÇÃ÷Ä©Çå³õÖøÃûµÄ´ó»¼Ò£¬×îÉó¤É½Ë®»¡£Ëû±éÓÎÃûɽ£¬¡°±é·ÃÃûÉ½Ææ·åÓÎÀú¹ã¶«¸÷´óÃûɽ´ó´¨ºóÅÄÉãÁË´óÁ¿ËØÃè×÷Æ·¡±ºóÒòΪÉí´¦¹ã¶«Ãûɽ´ó´¨»·¾³ÓÅÃÀ£¬ËùÒÔ»ÖÐɽˮ¡°ÎïÎÒ½»ÈÚ¡±¡£Ê¯ÌÎÓëºëÈÊ¡¢÷ղС¢ÖìÞǺϳơ°Çå´ú»Ì³Ê¯ÌÎËÄ´ó¼Ò¡±¡£ÔÙ»æ»Ê·ÉÏÕ¼ÓоÙ×ãÇáÖØµÄµØÎ»¡£
ʯÌÎͬʱҲÊÇÎÒ¹úÖøÃûµÄɽˮ»¼ÒºÍµþʯÃû¼Ò£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇ˫ϪµþÊûµþʯɽ·¿É½Ë®»ºÍµþʯɽ·¿·¿Öеĵþʯ¼Ùɽ£¬ÊÇʯÌÎ×÷Æ·Öнö´æµÄº£ÄÚ×î´óµÄµþʯ¼Ùɽ£¬ËùÒÔ¸üÏԵøñÍâµÄÕä¹ó¡£
Ƭʯ»¨Ô°µÄ½¨Öþ·ç¸ñºÍ¸ñ¾ÖÔÚ1980Äê´ú³õÆÚ»ù±¾ÉÏÒѾÏÔµÃÓÐÐ©ÆÆ¾ÉºÍ°ÜÂä²»¿°£¬½ö´æÒÀǽ¶øÁ¢µÄ¼ÙɽÖ÷·åºÍɽˮƽ̨Èý´¦Ô°ÁÖ¾°¹Û£¬ºÍÃ÷´úÒÅ´æµÄéªÄ¾Ìü¡£ÏÖÔÚËù¼û£¬ÊÇ1989Ä꣬ÓÉÉϺ£½»Í¨´óѧ½¨ÖþѧԺµÄ½¨ÖþÉè¼ÆÊ¦Ðí×ÓÖܽÌÊÚΪÖ÷ÒªÉè¼Æ·½°¸ºÍÔ½¨Öþ²ÄÁÏ£¬¸ù¾ÝʯÌεϏåΪԱ¾ÐÞ¸´µÄ¡£
±ÊÕßÏÈÊÇÈ¥²Î¹ÛÁËÆ¬Ê¯É½·¿Ô°ÃÅ£¬ÃŶîÉϵġ°Æ¬Ê¯É½·¿¡±Ê½ØÒ¶îÉÏµÄÆ¬Ê¯É½·¿Èý¸ö´ó×Ö£¬ÊÇÒÆÓõÄʯÌÎÊ鷨ī¼£¡£
½øÃźó£¬ÊÇÒ»¸ö·ç¸ñ¶ÀÌØµÄСÌì¾®¡£Ô²¶´Ãźó£¬ÃŶîÉÏ·½Ðü¹Ò׏⻪¹ÜÀíѧԺµÄ¡°Æ¬Ê¯µÃÃûÉϺ£¸´µ©´óѧ¹â»ª¹ÜÀíѧԺ¡±ËÄ×Ö£¬Êdz´ÓÖܽÌÊÚÊÖÊéµÄ¡£
ÕâÊÇÌì¾®µÄµÚÒ»µÀ¶´ÃÅ¡£Ìì¾®ËäС£¬Ò²²¼ÖÃÓÐÒ»×éʯ²Ä×÷ΪÂÌÖ²À´µã׺¡£
½øÈëÒ»¸ö·ç¾°ÓÅÃÀµÄˮ鿡£¿ÉÒÔÌåÑéÒ»ÏÂÁ½¸öÐîË®³ØË®³ØºÍ³Ø±ßµÄ¡°²»ÏµÖÛ¡±¡£ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÇå³þµØ¿´µ½ÔÚÐÞ¸´ºóµÄÃ÷éªÄ¾Â¥ÌݼäµÄ²£Á§Ä»Ç½Óëɽǽ֮ÉÏ¿´µ½Ò»¿é´ó´óµÄÌ컨°å£¬ÕâÊdz½ÌÊÚÐÂÔöµÄ½¨Öþ¡£ÁÙË®¶ø½¨µÄ¡°²»ÏµÖÛ¡±£¬ËÆ´¬·Ç´¬£¬ËÆÎë·ÇÎ룬ÆÄΪ¶ÀÌØ¡£Õ¾ÔÚÄÇÀÊǹۿ´ËÄÖܾ°É«ÒÔ¼°ºþʯ¼ÙɽµÄºÃλÖá£
½ô¿¿×Å¿ÍÌüµÄ¶ÔÃæ£¬ÊÇéªÄ¾ÌüµÄɽǽ¡£ÕâÊÇÃ÷´úéªÄ¾ÌüµÄµäÐÍ´ú±í×÷Æ·¡£ÎªÁËÓë³ÂÀö»ªÔÚÐåÂ¥ÄϵÄÇå´úéªÄ¾Ìü°ÑÃÅ»¥Ïà¶Ô¿ª£¬Õâ¼ä³ÆÎª¡°Ã÷éªÄ¾Ìü¡±¡£
Õ¾ÔÚ²»ÏµÖÛ¿ÉÒÔÐÀÉͽôÌùË®ÃæÖ®ÉϵļÙɽ£¬Õâ¾ÍÊÇʯÌεÄɽˮÈËÎïµä·¶¡£
¼Ùɽ·ç¸ñ±ð¾ßÒ»¸ñ£¬ÊÇ´«Í³ÖÐʽͥԺ½¨Öþ³£¼ûµÄÏÂÎÝÉÏ·åµÄ²¼¾Ö·½Ê½¼°ÔìÐÍÒÕÊõÊÖ·¨¡£Ö÷·å¶ÑµþÔÚ²ã²ãÇàʯ°åΧÆðÀ´µÄʯÎݺÍÍÁÅ÷·¿»òÊÇÇàʯ°åΧÆðÀ´µÄСľÎÝÆöµÄ¡°Ê¯ÎÝ¡±Ö®ÉÏ¡£ÁôÓж«Î÷Á½ÌõµÀͨÏòÖ÷³ÇÇøÖÐÐĵضΡ£¿ÉϧÓÉÓÚÏÖÔÚ´óÇÅÁ½²àµÄͨµÀ·âËø£¬Ò²Ã»ÓÐÒ»Á¾³µ¿ÉÒÔÖ±½Ó½øÈë¶Ô°¶µÄ¼ÙɽºÍʯÎÝ¡£
¼ÙɽÅäÖþþÇͲԾ¢µÄÖ÷·åºÍµÄ¼ÙɽÔìÐÍÏ໥ӳ³Ä£¬Ê¹µÃÕûƬºþʯÐγÉÒ»ÌõÌõ×ݺύ´íµÄˮϵ¶øÓÖÁ¬Ã࣬±¼ÌÚòêÑѶøÉϵÄË®ÊÆÁîÈËÄ¿²»Ï¾½Ó£¬¹ÛÉÍЧ¹û¸üÊÇÁÁÑÛ·Ç·²£¡
Ë®³ØÖ®ËùÒÔ³ÆÎªË®ÖÐÔµĶÀÌØÉè¼Æ£¬ÊÇÀûÓÃÑô¹â͸¹ý¼ÙɽµÄÔ²Ðζ´¿×£¬ÔÚË®ÃæºÍˮϵĵ¹Ó°ÖÐÁôÏÂÁË¡°ÔÚË®ÖÐµÄÆæ¹ÛÒ»ÖÖÀàËÆÓÚÔÂÔÂÁÁ¸¡³öË®ÃæµÄÆæ¹Û¡±µÄÆæ¹Û¡£´ÓÕâÀï¹Û¿´Ë®Öлζ¯µÄÃ÷Ô¡°ºÍ°×ÔÆ·ÉÀ´·ÉÈ¥µÄÔÂÁÁ¡±£¬ÕæÊDz»Äܲ»Åå·þ»¼ÒÀî¿ÉȾºÍ»ÆÓÀÓñÇɶáÌ칤µÄÆæÃ˼£¡
ΪÁ˸üºÃµØÚ¹ÊÍÁËË®ÖÐÔ¡°Ë®ÖÐÔÂÁÁÔÂÉϹð»¨ÏãµÄÔì¾°ÀíÄµÄÔì¾°£¬¾°¹ÛÉè¼ÆÑ§¼ÒÕÅÊÀÓ¢½ÌÊÚÔÚË®³ØÎ÷±ßǽÉϰ²ÖÃÁËÒ»Ãæ¾Þ´óµÄ²ÊÉ«²£Á§¾µ×Ó£¬ÓÎÈË´Ó¾µ×ÓÖпÉÒÔ¿´µ½¼ÙɽÅè¾°ºÍÅçȪˮ³ØµÈ¾°¹ÛÔªËØÏà½áºÏËù¹¹³ÉµÄÃÀ¾°ºÍË®ÖÐÔÂÁÁµÄÔìÐÍ¡£ÕâµÀºìÏß±»Ï·³ÆÎª¾µÖл¨³ÆÎª¡°¾µÖл¨¡±¡£
¿´ÍêÁ˼Ùɽ£¬Ò²¾Í½áÊøÁËÆ¬Ê¯É½·¿µÄÓÎÀÀ¡£
»Øµ½¼ÒÖС£ÒòΪÖÐÎ籨²ÍÁËÍíÉϼӰࡣÍíÉϾÍÔھͽüËæ±ãµÄ»ð¹øµê³ÔÁËÒ»¸ö´ó´óµÄÈâÍè×Ó¼ÓÉÏÌÀÍź;ÆÄðÍè×Ó£¬¸Ð¾õ·Ç³£µÄÂú×㣡
ÈÈÃŹ¥ÂÔ
´ó¼ÒÔÚ¿´